Earth Day 2008 is a time to ask: Is my sustainability work consonant with the gravity of the climate crisis and the urgency
of the ecological challenges we face?
At Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU), as a complement to our work on renewable energy hedges, we are working to transform energy use on campus. One project underway is a system of grid-tied electric vehicles (Vehicle
to Grid or V2G) combined with a solar photovoltaic charging system and smart computer control.
The V2G plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles will replace traditional fossil fuel cars on campus and become an economic
source of power for the electric grid during peak times. V2G cars can help balance the system load, reduce storage requirements,
and reduce the need for fossil fuel baseload plants.
Hybrids and electric vehicles can now use lithium ion batteries to become V2G plug-ins, either as original equipment or
as supplementary aftermarket power modules. Lightweight lithium ion batteries have greater power density and are capable of
thousands of charge cycles, making them suited to the grid's fluctuating need for power.
On campus, we are designing a small, experimental, grid-tied parking lot that charges vehicles via an overhead photovoltaic
(PV) array. The system will monitor vehicle battery charge, solar output, and New Hampshire electric system demand. With a
real-time controller (designed, built, and tested by my associate Pentti Aalto), we can respond to price signals from the
five-minute electric grid spot market (ISO-NE). A rise in demand on the electric grid is reflected in spot prices for power. When the grid calls for more power, we would
feed in the available surplus from the car batteries and the PV charging system, thus helping to reduce spot prices and satisfy
the system's demand for power.
We plan to start simply with electric campus service vehicles, adding batteries to extend their range and improve V2G charging
capacity. We'll then focus on converting hybrids owned by volunteer staff, faculty, or students, modifying them to be V2G
plug-ins.
The parking lot PV system will feed the grid directly, or charge the vehicle batteries. The vehicles will make money selling
power into the grid during high load conditions by responding to five-minute spot market price signals above, for example,
$.25/kwh. In the future, our V2G cars will act as power sources, making money for us and keeping the grid in balance.
A V2G car with fully charged batteries (4 kilowatt hour capacity) could provide the grid 10 kW of power for 12 minutes
(50 percent maximum discharge). Five million parked cars could provide 1,000 megawatts of power for an hour during peak times
with a 2 kW total discharge. 1,000 MW is the size of a very large baseload coal or nuclear plant. Overall, vehicles optimized
for V2G power could provide even more energy into the grid. In 2001, there were 230 million cars, trucks, and buses in the
United States.
Parking lot solar can be easily integrated into plug-in electric charging stations. It also provides shade for cars and
can thus reduce the energy needed to cool a hot car when starting it up during the summer. The system can also markedly increase
the value of the parking area without requiring the use of any new land.
There is plenty of parking area in the United States—an estimated 19 billion square meters—a reasonable fraction
of which is suitable for PV. In 2007, Kyocera installed a 25 panel, 235 kW system above a 186 vehicle parking lot. Google
switched on a 1.6 megawatt rooftop and parking lot installation at its California headquarters last year.
Companies such as A123Systems of Watertown, Massachusetts are bringing to market nanotech-based lithium ion devices to convert hybrids to plug-ins. Their
product is designed to increase the efficiency of a Toyota Prius from 46 mpg to 100 mpg or more by extending vehicle electric
range. Initially it will not feed power back into the grid. Conversion kits will be commercially available in 2008.
Smart Grid Control
A key aspect of achieving the promise of V2G systems and a renewable electric grid is the ability to implement smart control
between the electric grid, user devices, power sources such as V2G batteries, distributed generation such as PV, cogeneration,
and heat pumps.
Our control algorithm, a major feature of our work, must be able to:
- Choose grid and/or PV power to charge vehicle batteries to required levels;
- Balance the need to feed PV power into the grid or charge car batteries based on the price of power and the levels of
battery depletion;
- Use available V2G car battery power to provide short-term power into the grid, based on price signals reflecting system
needs and peak load;
- Keep accurate track of the monetary value of grid power consumed and of PV and car battery power sold to the grid.
Using our prototype real-time controller, we scrape the five-minute price signal from the ISO-NE website and send it via
the Internet to a satellite pager network. The programmable controller, using our algorithm, will efficiently and economically
operate and monitor the vehicles, the PV charging system, and the grid interface.
In the future, we should be able to use two-second ISO-NE price and load signals to automatically control electric loads
at SNHU and distributed power sources such as V2G car batteries and cogeneration units. Energy-consuming devices and distributed
power sources will help keep the grid in balance using the same two-second signal now employed by grid power plants configured
for Automatic Generation Control. This real-time smart grid will reduce pollution, be more stable and efficient, minimize
and optimize electric use, and integrate centralized and distributed renewable power and energy storage.
The Good News
On Earth Day 2008, it is clear that much more needs to be done. And it's up to us to do it. But the sun is rising, not
setting, on human ingenuity.
Combining four very American enthusiasms—the automobile, electricity, free renewable fuel, and market opportunities—makes
a zero-carbon future ours for the taking. The technologies are at hand or need only a slight push.
New plug-in electric cars using lithium ion batteries will be charged at night from a renewable grid and by parking lot
solar arrays during the day. They'll also help provide peak daytime power while we're at work. This is doable. Just a small
percentage of our millions of cars can give us much of the energy needed to balance and stabilize a renewable energy grid
system.
In a zero-carbon future, we can drive without gas and pollution, use our computers to connect us to a smart global grid,
and get checks in the mail every month for our troubles. Copious wind resources stretching from the Dakotas to Texas can be
combined with solar electric concentrators and photovoltaic arrays covering our roofs and parking lots. Direct current power
lines will move power to where it's needed.
The system will be coordinated by a smart electric grid using real-time price control to optimize energy use and energy
generation. We'll buy power when it's cheap, and sell it back to the grid when it's expensive.
By using renewable energy hedges, like the one negotiated between Southern New Hampshire University and PPM Energy, every
energy consumer and car and PV panel owner will have a profitable stake in our common renewable energy future. We can use
our energy purchases and investments in plug-in vehicles and photovoltaics to ensure fixed net annual energy expenses for
a generation, and we'll receive monthly income from our grid-tied cars and home PV systems.
Let's use our cars, electricity, free renewable fuel, and the market to help build a zero carbon, sustainable, and peaceful
future.
Happy Earth Day.
Sustainability Articles Sustainability at SNHU
